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Background Evidence that different neuropsychiatric conditions share genetic liability has increased interest in phenotypes with ‘cross-disorder’ relevance, as they may contribute to revised models of psychopathology. Cognition is a promising construct for study; yet, evidence that the same cognitive functions are impaired across different forms of psychopathology comes primarily from separate studies of individual categorical diagnoses versus controls.

Given growing support for dimensional models that cut across traditional diagnostic boundaries, we aimed to determine, within a single cohort, whether performance on measures of executive functions (EFs) predicted dimensions of different psychopathological conditions known to share genetic liability. Methods Data are from 393 participants, ages 8 to 17, consecutively enrolled in the Longitudinal Study of Genetic Influences on Cognition (LOGIC). This project is conducting deep phenotyping and genomic analyses in youth referred for neuropsychiatric evaluation. Using structural equation modeling, we examined whether EFs predicted variation in core dimensions of autism spectrum disorder, bipolar illness and schizophrenia, including social responsiveness, mania/emotion regulation, and positive symptoms of psychosis, respectively. Introduction Recent large-scale genomic analyses (; ) echo results from behavioral genetic and phenotypic modeling studies (;; ) in suggesting an underlying relationship between neuropsychiatric conditions that our current diagnostic system considers distinct. Such findings have implications for an improved understanding of shared risk mechanisms that could be targeted for intervention, as well as for a revised psychiatric nosology () that acknowledges a general psychopathology liability. Phenotypes with relevance across multiple diagnoses are therefore important to study, as they could help to advance these lines of research.

Executive functions (EFs), including working memory, mental flexibility, verbal fluency, and inhibition, are promising candidates for further cross-disorder investigation. For example, in meta-analyses, individuals with schizophrenia (), bipolar disorder (), autism spectrum disorder (ASD; ) and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD;; ) show EF decrements compared to controls. Yet, the conclusion that EFs are impaired in a wide range of neuropsychiatric conditions relies largely on extrapolation from separate studies that focused on single diagnoses. Although meta-analyses that have taken a multi-diagnostic approach suggest that EFs are indeed impaired across different conditions (;; ), the limited number of investigations across disorders within the same sample (for an exception see ) has hindered direct examination of whether cross-disorder EF impairment could be an artifact of the comorbidity that is so common in psychiatry. A second limitation of the prior literature is that studies have predominantly focused on categorical diagnoses. Yet, as highlighted by NIMH’s Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative (), there is growing evidence for the dimensional nature of psychiatric illness.

Philosophy Book In Hindi For Ias. Whether EFs associate with quantitative dimensions relevant to different psychopathological conditions has only been examined to a limited extent, and, to our knowledge, has focused on relatively common conditions in youth that tend to be grouped within closely related domains of psychopathology (e.g., across different externalizing disorders - ADHD, conduct disorder and substance use; ) or across different types of learning disorders (e.g., ADHD and dyslexia; ). In the current paper, we extend the examination of EFs and dimensions of psychopathology to aspects of severe and conceptually distinct conditions that have recently been found to share underlying genetic risk: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and ASD. Although the DSM-based diagnoses associated with these conditions are less common than other forms of psychopathology that have been modeled dimensionally in relation to EF, there is strong evidence that their symptoms also lie on a continuum (; ). Moreover, twin and family data strongly implicate EFs in their underlying liability (;;; ). Thus, given the prior literature, we hypothesized that EFs would associate with dimensions across these different conditions in a sample of youth referred for neuropsychiatric evaluation.